Tanja Schliebe has spent over two decades working at the intersection of science, communication, and innovation. With a background in medicine, publishing and entrepreneurship, she has built a career translating complex scientific ideas into real-world solutions, particularly in the fields of health and longevity.
I’ve had the chance to chat with Tanja as part of our community here at Luke Rennie Personal Training. She brings curiosity and clarity to big topics, and longevity is one she has been following closely.
In this Q&A, Tanja talks us through some of the most exciting developments in longevity research, the potential role of AI in future healthcare, and how concepts such as transhumanism are redefining the meaning of ageing.
What are some of the most exciting breakthroughs in longevity research at the moment?
In recent years, longevity science has made some truly exciting leaps forward. One area gaining a lot of attention is senolytic therapy, which involves clearing out senescent cells — essentially damaged, ageing cells that no longer function properly. These cells are associated with chronic inflammation and tissue degeneration, so eliminating them could rejuvenate the body at a cellular level.
Another promising area of research is the use of NAD+ boosters. NAD+ is a coenzyme involved in metabolism and DNA repair, and its levels decrease with age. By increasing NAD+ levels through compounds such as NMN or NR, researchers hope to slow down age-related decline.
Then there’s telomerase activation, which essentially aims to extend the protective caps at the ends of our chromosomes (called telomeres). These shorten as we age, and there is growing interest in whether maintaining them could extend cellular life.
There has also been rapid progress in stem cell therapies, CRISPR-based gene editing, epigenetic reprogramming and mTOR inhibition. These areas are exploring ways to not only delay ageing, but also potentially reverse it at a biological level.
Outside of the laboratory, lifestyle interventions such as caloric restriction continue to provide strong evidence for extending healthspan, and even the gut microbiome is now being studied for its role in ageing and disease prevention.
One figure I find particularly inspiring is Ray Kurzweil, who suggests that, as biotechnology, AI and nanotechnology converge, we may start to see real life-extending therapies become mainstream within the next decade.
How much of our longevity is determined by genetics versus lifestyle?
This is the classic nature versus nurture debate, and longevity research provides some clear insights into the matter. Generally speaking, genetics are thought to determine only about 20-30% of our lifespan. The remaining 70-80% comes down to lifestyle and environmental factors, such as nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress management and social connections.
Twin studies have been particularly useful in demonstrating that even genetically identical individuals can experience very different ageing processes depending on their habits and environments.
However, it’s not as simple as choosing one factor over another. Genetics and lifestyle interact in complex ways. For instance, certain gene variants may render someone more or less responsive to interventions such as intermittent fasting or endurance training. While we can’t rewrite our DNA, we can influence how it expresses itself — and that’s where lifestyle choices become powerful tools for healthy ageing.
“Only 20–30% of our lifespan is determined by genetics — the rest is up to us.”
In what ways could AI support human longevity in the future?
AI in Drug Discovery
AI is already having a real impact on healthcare, and its potential to promote longevity is enormous. One major area is drug discovery. AI systems can analyse vast amounts of data, such as gene expression, protein structures and metabolic pathways, to identify new compounds that could target age-related diseases or even the ageing process itself. Companies such as Insilico Medicine are already using deep learning for this very purpose.
Predictive Health & Personalisation
Another key application is predictive diagnostics. AI can detect early signs of age-related diseases — ranging from cardiovascular issues to neurodegenerative conditions — by analysing biomarkers, medical imaging or genetic data. This could lead to earlier, more personalised interventions.
On the subject of personalisation, that’s another exciting frontier: AI-powered precision medicine. By integrating data from a person’s genome, microbiome, epigenetic profile and lifestyle, AI could help to design personalised health strategies, such as the ideal fasting protocol or the most effective combination of supplements.
There is also growing interest in epigenetic clocks — tools that estimate biological age based on DNA methylation patterns. These clocks are becoming increasingly accurate, and AI is playing a significant role in this refinement. They don’t just measure age; they also help us to understand how quickly we are ageing and how different interventions might slow down the ageing process.
The Road to Nanomedicine
Looking further ahead, some researchers believe that AI will be essential for enabling intelligent nanomedicine — for example, tiny robots in the bloodstream that can repair cellular damage in real time. This may still sound futuristic, but the groundwork is being laid now.
What is transhumanism, and how might it redefine what it means to be human?
Transhumanism is a philosophical, scientific and technological movement that aims to enhance the human condition by making use of advanced technologies. In the context of longevity research, this involves not only extending lifespan, but also overcoming physical and cognitive limitations.
With the help of technologies such as genetic modification, artificial intelligence and robotics, humans may one day be able to transform themselves and transcend their evolutionary boundaries. This vision invites us to rethink what it means to be human and confront the ethical implications of such profound changes.
Even today, major technological breakthroughs are making this transhumanist vision increasingly tangible. A striking example is Neuralink, which recently announced the successful use of a brain implant. This brain-computer interface (BCI) enables direct communication between the brain and machines. In the future, it could not only be used to treat neurological diseases, but also to enhance cognitive abilities and potentially digitise aspects of consciousness.
Such developments demonstrate the potential of advanced technologies to help humans transcend their biological boundaries and reach a new level of human experience.
In longevity research, such technologies could not only extend the human lifespan, but also significantly improve quality of life. However, moving towards a future where humans can enhance their physical and cognitive capabilities through technology raises fundamental challenges, not only in technical terms, but also in terms of deep ethical and social considerations.
What role do blood sugar levels and insulin resistance play in the ageing process?
Consistently elevated blood sugar levels, even if only slightly above normal, alongside insulin resistance, are closely linked to accelerated ageing and an increased risk of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline.
There are several key mechanisms behind this. Firstly, high blood sugar levels lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are harmful compounds that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Chronically raised glucose levels also contribute to low-grade systemic inflammation, a process sometimes referred to as ‘inflammaging’.
Insulin resistance, on the other hand, impairs the body’s ability to regulate energy effectively. Over time, this can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, meaning the cellular ‘powerhouses’ that fuel our bodies begin to work less efficiently.
Therefore, managing blood sugar is seen as one of the most effective ways of reducing age-related health risks. Strategies such as a balanced diet of whole foods, regular physical activity and, in some cases, medication such as metformin under medical supervision can help to maintain healthy glucose levels and insulin sensitivity.
Originally developed for type 2 diabetes, metformin is currently under intense investigation in longevity science. It appears to do more than just regulate blood sugar; studies suggest that it may also influence metabolic pathways linked to ageing, reduce inflammation and improve cellular energy balance. Some observational studies have even found that people taking metformin have lower overall mortality rates and a reduced risk of age-related diseases. These findings have inspired major clinical trials such as the TAME study (Targeting Aging with Metformin), which aims to assess the effects of metformin on human ageing more systematically.
“Managing blood sugar may be one of the most powerful tools we have to slow the ageing process.”
Are there any micronutrients or supplements with strong evidence to suggest they promote longevity?
While research into the effects of supplements on human longevity is still in its early stages, several compounds have shown promising results, particularly in animal studies and initial human trials. Here are some that stand out:
Vitamin D
Essential for bone health, immune function, and cardiovascular well-being. Deficiency in vitamin D is relatively common and has been associated with increased mortality in observational studies.
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA)
Found in oily fish and some plant oils, these have anti-inflammatory properties and protect heart health. Multiple meta-analyses have shown that regular intake reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
NAD⁺ precursors (NMN and NR)
These compounds support mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism. They are currently being studied for their potential to slow down the ageing process by increasing NAD⁺ levels, which decline with age.
Spermidine
Naturally present in foods such as wheat germ, mushrooms, and aged cheese, spermidine may promote autophagy, which is the process by which the body clears out damaged cells. Early research suggests that it could have anti-ageing effects.
Curcumin
The active compound in turmeric, curcumin is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Bioavailability is increased when taken with black pepper extract (piperine).
Resveratrol
Found in red grapes and wine, it gained fame as a ‘longevity molecule’ based on promising animal studies. However, human data remains mixed and its effectiveness at meaningful doses is still being debated.
Magnesium
Vital for energy production, nerve function and muscle health. Deficiency is common, particularly with age or in times of high stress, and has been linked to metabolic and cognitive disorders.
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and ibuprofen
These anti-inflammatory drugs have demonstrated some geroprotective potential in preclinical studies through their targeting of low-grade chronic inflammation. However, their long-term use remains controversial due to potential side effects.
Nuts, especially walnuts
Rich in omega-3s, antioxidants and polyphenols. Several large-scale population studies have found that regular nut consumption is associated with lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
Some other compounds currently being explored — though still in the early stages or controversial — include:
- Risetin (a senolytic found in strawberries)
- Quercetin (an antioxidant and senolytic)
- Lithium in microdoses
- Rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor with powerful effects in animal models)
- Melatonin, which supports sleep and has antioxidant and immune-modulating properties.
While many of these show promise, it’s important to note that robust, long-term studies in humans are still limited. Ideally, supplement strategies should be tailored to the individual and discussed with a healthcare provider.
How is joint replacement technology evolving, and will it become more accessible?
There has been major progress in joint replacement technology in recent years, especially for hips and knees. Improvements in materials, such as titanium alloys, ceramics and highly cross-linked polyethylene, have increased durability and reduced wear. Researchers are also developing antibacterial and bioactive coatings to improve integration with bone and reduce the risk of infection.
Another exciting trend is the use of 3D-printed, personalised implants designed to match a patient’s anatomy. While these implants can improve fit, function and recovery, they are currently more costly and are mostly used in specialised clinics. As this technology matures, it is likely to become more widely available.
Looking ahead, biological approaches such as stem cell therapy and tissue engineering could enable damaged cartilage or bone to regenerate, potentially eliminating the need for traditional prosthetics.
There is also growing interest in smart implants equipped with sensors that can track movement, stress and wear. These could personalise rehabilitation and help identify issues early on.
Standard joint replacements are already widely available and are typically covered by insurance in many countries. However, high-tech solutions, such as custom implants and sensor integration, remain limited to advanced centres. As costs fall and research advances, broader access could follow. However, equitable distribution is not guaranteed.
My final thoughts
From senolytics and AI-driven diagnostics to transhumanist visions and smarter joint implants, the field of longevity science is advancing at an extraordinary pace. While many of these technologies are still in their infancy, they suggest a future in which ageing may be very different from how it is today.
Speaking with Tanja has been a reminder of the power of curiosity — not only about science and innovation, but also about how we can care for our health right now. Whether it’s adjusting your training, rethinking your nutrition or simply staying informed, the path to a longer, healthier life is already within reach.